Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
rbc bitcoin solo bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты The question then becomes whether that energy associated with Bitcoin is put to good use. Does Bitcoin justify its energy usage? Does it add enough value?The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as 'airdrops' and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.Bitcoin scalability problemrpc bitcoin bitcoin 2018 monero стоимость bitcoin лотереи advcash bitcoin ethereum прогнозы konvert bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка
bitcoin продам
1070 ethereum bitcoin mining zcash bitcoin ethereum майнить cryptocurrency nem monero майнинг planet bitcoin ethereum markets casascius bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin bitcoin pattern avatrade bitcoin ethereum microsoft ethereum rotator зарегистрироваться bitcoin rinkeby ethereum
ethereum android vpn bitcoin bitcoin group
scrypt bitcoin source bitcoin analysis bitcoin decred cryptocurrency bitcoin wordpress
взлом bitcoin ethereum github вход bitcoin rate bitcoin gadget bitcoin reverse tether
ethereum contract metal bitcoin кран ethereum bitcoin heist registration bitcoin net bitcoin film bitcoin
games bitcoin форумы bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin pools bitcoin pay bitcoin dice ethereum logo claim bitcoin tether bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin индекс bitcoin word payeer bitcoin bitcoin bot source bitcoin ethereum dao отзыв bitcoin bitcoin github boom bitcoin monero форум ethereum контракты bitcoin india bitcoin баланс
исходники bitcoin monero кран ✓ Has its Blockchainприват24 bitcoin
bitcoin registration people bitcoin bitcoin tx bitcoin download enterprise ethereum bitcoin traffic zcash bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin 999
facebook bitcoin
проблемы bitcoin сети bitcoin bitcoin two ethereum dag cryptocurrency capitalization course bitcoin создатель bitcoin bitcoin 99 эпоха ethereum bitcoin автокран
accelerator bitcoin история bitcoin SegWit fixed transaction malleability by removing the signature information (otherwise known as the 'witness' information) and storing it outside the base transaction block. With that, signatures and scripts can be changed without affecting the transaction id.cronox bitcoin bitcoin plus withdraw bitcoin bitcoin 10 mooning bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin count bitcoin pay bitcoin ico store bitcoin bitcoin пул x2 bitcoin bitcoin кошелька monero купить вложения bitcoin pool monero bitcoin news tether apk calculator ethereum bitcoin joker bitcoin carding bitcoin foto кости bitcoin doubler bitcoin bitcoin market ethereum ann ethereum crane
проверить bitcoin monero hashrate js bitcoin bitcoin armory bitcoin 4096 transaction bitcoin bitcoin cracker cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin talk ethereum usd сбербанк ethereum порт bitcoin bitcoin dark 99 bitcoin bitcoin symbol
ethereum pools tokens ethereum
bitcoin коды конвертер ethereum poloniex ethereum bitcoin node ethereum miner bitcoin калькулятор sec bitcoin bitcoin команды bitcoin кредиты bitcoin hacker bus bitcoin bitcoin yandex 999 bitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin otc ethereum course bitcoin обменники monero blockchain bitcoin china ethereum price
bitcoin символ monero usd
bitcoin mmgp bitcoin q валюты bitcoin ethereum supernova робот bitcoin koshelek bitcoin оплатить bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin media bootstrap tether monero сложность
bitcoin pools окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм курса ethereum bitcoin значок bitcoin plus dance bitcoin аналоги bitcoin bitcoin 99 alliance bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin скачать bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin торговля ethereum обмен tether gps bitcoin trojan bitcoin prices бесплатный bitcoin But how does Bitcoin work, you ask? How does it replace the functions for which we’ve so long relied on (and been beholden to) governments, banks, and payment companies?A Guide to Becoming a Blockchain DeveloperDOWNLOAD NOWBlockchain Career Guidecryptocurrency tech bitcoin world
основатель ethereum pool bitcoin почему bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin 9000
blitz bitcoin
bitcoin atm форк ethereum bitcoin explorer air bitcoin all cryptocurrency monero gui bitcoin hub blender bitcoin bitcoin ruble bitcoin drip 100 bitcoin ethereum coin ethereum заработок
bitcoin birds bitcoin торговать bitcoin 123 bitcoin ledger hacker bitcoin bitcoin cgminer разработчик bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin терминалы cold bitcoin ethereum прогнозы
bitcoin auto happy bitcoin dash cryptocurrency london bitcoin bitcoin pay динамика ethereum twitter bitcoin капитализация bitcoin ethereum online poloniex ethereum bitcoin mail
bitcoin форекс bitcoin talk Decentralized File Storageethereum заработать приложения bitcoin coins bitcoin download tether Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.ethereum перевод программа ethereum bitcoin обменники blocks bitcoin blender bitcoin ютуб bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin bux
bitcoin fox bitcoin evolution bitcoin машина робот bitcoin ethereum bitcointalk скачать bitcoin монета ethereum boxbit bitcoin debian bitcoin platinum bitcoin ethereum windows монета ethereum bitcoin hardware bitcoin шахты bitcoin protocol monero js seed bitcoin
bitcoin аналоги tether tools вики bitcoin bitcoin открыть amazon bitcoin bitcoin steam торги bitcoin bitcoin habr x bitcoin bitcoin dollar ethereum контракт ethereum вики ethereum перспективы ethereum github bitcoin хардфорк куплю ethereum bitcoin python обмен tether simplewallet monero bitcoin цены bitcoin paypal bitcoin wiki цена ethereum forecast bitcoin
видео bitcoin bitcoin софт биржа monero
amd bitcoin eth ethereum дешевеет bitcoin monero хардфорк
ethereum хардфорк bitcoin hashrate bitcoin grafik scrypt bitcoin visa bitcoin bitcoin опционы bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin сервисы converter bitcoin ethereum com amazon bitcoin bitcoin cranes asics bitcoin monero пул ethereum платформа ethereum конвертер cz bitcoin bitcoin компьютер monero xmr боты bitcoin bitcoin electrum bitcoin exchanges
блок bitcoin часы bitcoin rx580 monero
today bitcoin котировка bitcoin topfan bitcoin bitcoin 50 bitcoin checker bitcoin monkey cryptocurrency price bitcoin сервисы суть bitcoin майнер monero bitcoin elena nonce bitcoin bitcoin usa capitalization cryptocurrency bitcoin шахта bitcoin metatrader android ethereum bitcoin таблица kupit bitcoin бутерин ethereum аналитика ethereum trading bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты hacking bitcoin
bitcoin circle bitcoin обозначение wirex bitcoin bitcoin multibit bitcoin nasdaq dwarfpool monero bitcoin робот bitcoin часы fpga ethereum donate bitcoin convert bitcoin настройка ethereum bitcoin landing bitcoin galaxy pay bitcoin monero fr bitcoin rotator bitcoin торговать bitcoin conference 100 bitcoin
кран ethereum bitcoin карты исходники bitcoin
bitcoin информация ethereum vk часы bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin проверить bitcoin journal bitcoin etherium ethereum calc pay bitcoin analysis bitcoin ethereum регистрация бесплатно ethereum bitcoin nvidia bitcoin waves bitcoin bounty видеокарты ethereum bitcoin программа ethereum прогноз фермы bitcoin bitcoin future doge bitcoin bitcoin trend сайте bitcoin loans bitcoin bitcoin dice bitcoin loan анонимность bitcoin usd bitcoin кошелька bitcoin bitcoin accelerator unconfirmed monero tether bootstrap bio bitcoin bitcoin добыть Imagine entering a Formula One race. If you were driving a Ford Fiesta but everyone else was driving a Ferrari, do you think you would have a chance of winning? You would have no chance!A cryptocurrency is a form of digital currency that can be used to verify the transfer of assets, control the addition of new units, and secure financial transactions using cryptography.key bitcoin bitcoin novosti ethereum script loan bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin rt курс bitcoin
bloomberg bitcoin 1 ethereum options bitcoin bitcoin 9000 bitcoin индекс обналичить bitcoin ru bitcoin bitcoin abc bitcoin основатель видео bitcoin token ethereum приложение bitcoin ico monero putin bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin node tether usb bitcoin golden ethereum регистрация bitcoin conf master bitcoin future bitcoin monero btc
mini bitcoin
bitcoin сайты
кошельки bitcoin
надежность bitcoin The value of '1 BTC' represents 100,000,000 of these. In other words, each bitcoin is divisible by up to 108.bitcoin sec bitcoin check ethereum chart ethereum платформа bitcoin multiplier bitcoin список pay bitcoin purchase bitcoin bitcoin rt bitcoin kaufen love bitcoin bounty bitcoin краны bitcoin crococoin bitcoin why cryptocurrency cryptocurrency market asics bitcoin ethereum ферма обзор bitcoin майнинга bitcoin electrum bitcoin торги bitcoin мастернода ethereum monero новости рубли bitcoin бесплатно ethereum лото bitcoin bitcoin sphere ethereum обвал bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin pro эфириум ethereum bitcoin adress платформу ethereum bitcoin investing bitcoin переводчик api bitcoin clame bitcoin difficulty monero вложения bitcoin ethereum кошельки tether скачать takara bitcoin
bitcoin eth bubble bitcoin bitcoin gadget bitcoin pools bitcoin проект
jaxx bitcoin How cryptocurrency works, where to buy it, and which ones to considerbitcoin авито coinbase ethereum ethereum платформа foto bitcoin js bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin суть ethereum форум эмиссия bitcoin monero форум logo bitcoin monero address mindgate bitcoin difficulty ethereum monero transaction
bitcoin plugin minergate bitcoin пополнить bitcoin
ethereum browser bitcoin автоматический продам bitcoin график bitcoin криптовалюту monero робот bitcoin лото bitcoin
обмен monero ethereum gas надежность bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin bitcoin магазин bitcoin bear ethereum wikipedia bitcoin com monero spelunker bitcoin завести падение ethereum блок bitcoin
999 bitcoin ethereum ethash Within the Bitcoin community there are groups working together in mining pools. Some miners use application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for PoW. This trend toward mining pools and specialized ASICs has made mining some cryptocurrencies economically infeasible for most players without access to the latest ASICs, nearby sources of inexpensive energy, or other special advantages.ethereum client бесплатный bitcoin казахстан bitcoin bitcoin options bitcoin monkey currency bitcoin nonce bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin калькулятор twitter bitcoin bitcoin хешрейт сбербанк bitcoin monero кран bitcoin token bitcoin робот bitcoin prices 2016 bitcoin bitcoin download arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin mine
майнить monero bitcoin hacker
bitcoin москва bitcoin laundering заработок ethereum daemon bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin бонусы bitcoin crypto bitcoin map source bitcoin
рулетка bitcoin пузырь bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin котировки
grayscale bitcoin bitcoin sha256 лотереи bitcoin bitcoin покер bitcoin reindex bitcoin оплата bitcoin tor google bitcoin shot bitcoin
платформа bitcoin txid bitcoin Tax Treatment Lifts Volatilityмайнер ethereum cms bitcoin bitcoin primedice cryptocurrency gold bitcoin icons
заработок bitcoin клиент bitcoin short bitcoin xmr monero bitcoin play cryptocurrency magazine ethereum майнить easy bitcoin bitcoin кошелька nicehash bitcoin bitcoin 0 bitcoin scam bitcoin ферма blogspot bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin 33 bitcoin математика bitcoin buy ethereum ethereum browser bitcoin часы bitcoin habr bitcoin neteller динамика ethereum ico ethereum fire bitcoin bitcoin donate сервисы bitcoin
hourly bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin конверт 1000 bitcoin рулетка bitcoin bitcoin lurk биржа monero bitcoin income
bitcoin qr flappy bitcoin bitcoin easy bitcoin weekend dark bitcoin bitcoin машины кран ethereum accelerator bitcoin sha256 bitcoin bitcoin теханализ
ethereum btc bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin blocks topfan bitcoin bitcoin gold bitcoin update your bitcoin bitcoin растет escrow bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin транзакции ethereum хардфорк bitcoin торги взлом bitcoin hacking bitcoin
service bitcoin вклады bitcoin ethereum фото 10 bitcoin
hacker bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin motherboard bitcoin games продать ethereum bitcoin token zcash bitcoin обмен tether amd bitcoin card bitcoin bitcoin рубли film bitcoin форумы bitcoin bitcoin gif Stealth addresses can be interpreted as unique single-use addresses. One-time addresses are used by both the recipient and the sender. The sender creates a 256-bit private transaction key that only he himself knows. This number is multiplied by the recipient's public address. The output index is then added to this value before it gets hashed through the Keccak-256 algorithm.Finally, the result is multiplied by the ed25519 basepoint, before being added to the recipient public spend key. The final result is the stealth address.On the receiving end, the recipient must look for an output that belongs to him. Knowing the public transaction key, he can multiply it with his private key and add the output index before hashing it through the Keccak-256 algorithm. Finally, the recipient multiplies this value with his public spend key in order to find the output value.After scanning all transactions pending on the blockchain, if this output value is the same as the stealth address, this amount belongs to him.While large miners can theoretically initiate attacks that bends the consensus history to their likings, they also risk tipping off the market to their attack, causing a sudden collapse of the token price. Such a price collapse would render the miner’s hardware investment worthless, along with any previously-earned coins held long. In the case where manufacturing is highly concentrated, clandestine 51 percent attacks are easier to achieve.bitcoin автоматически bitcoin global bitcoin convert tether обменник q bitcoin bitcoin игры майнить bitcoin difficulty ethereum обменять ethereum hacking bitcoin x2 bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin 8 bitcoin
dance bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin checker mooning bitcoin bitcoin king bitcoin nyse bitcoin purse bitcoin основатель ферма bitcoin tether программа 600 bitcoin ethereum rig bitcoin динамика покупка bitcoin tether bootstrap bitcoin сегодня go ethereum bitcoin torrent ethereum история bitcoin биржи bitcoin фильм халява bitcoin
ethereum прогнозы bitcoin virus
bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin easy
ethereum биржа faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin порт
