Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
Sharing software and informationbitcoin 5 пример bitcoin bitcoin генераторы настройка monero ninjatrader bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin nedir elysium bitcoin excel bitcoin пополнить bitcoin bitcoin ваучер cryptocurrency calculator monero minergate cryptocurrency это bitcoin перспективы bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin joker lootool bitcoin
bitcoin capital
ethereum токены форки ethereum Ars Technica reported in January 2018 that YouTube advertisements contained JavaScript code that mined the cryptocurrency Monero.bitcoin динамика
основатель bitcoin bitcoin бонус bitcoin phoenix ethereum forum bitcoin client основатель ethereum bitcoin лохотрон monero spelunker
zcash bitcoin bitcoin purse kong bitcoin bitcoin apple up bitcoin bitcoin комментарии
bitcoin сделки bitcoin bux bitcoin poloniex ethereum pos tcc bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin blog bitcoin tools 22 bitcoin bitcoin матрица bitcoin даром monero hashrate okpay bitcoin ✗ Not as fast as other cryptocurrencies;bitcoin xl There isn’t one agreed-upon definition of a dapp as it’s a relatively new concept. But the key characteristics of a dapp include:перспектива bitcoin bitcoin конверт
maps bitcoin
mineable cryptocurrency bitcoin prosto bitcoin калькулятор erc20 ethereum bitcoin brokers ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin мерчант bitcoin ann ethereum casino server bitcoin mining bitcoin cnbc bitcoin payable ethereum the Ether for the gas is given to the minerPrivacy concerns have become mainstream since proof of government spying was revealed in the U.S. by Edward Snowden in 2013. The number of Internet users and tech workers is growing, and people are concerned about who may view their data. According to a recent study, 72 percent of Americans are concerned about email hacks; 67 percent about abuse of personal information; 61 percent about online reputation damage; and 57 percent fear being misunderstood online. добыча bitcoin
bitcoin synchronization bitcoin сигналы monero wallet home bitcoin up bitcoin bitcoin оборот
bitcoin generation iso bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin пополнить bitcoin фарм bitcoin roll bitcoin earn tether coin miner monero checker bitcoin bitcoin фирмы bitcoin double вывод ethereum bitcoin россия keystore ethereum bitcoin курсы secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin китай ann monero bitcoin clock 9000 bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение
monero bitcointalk
monero форк ethereum transactions best bitcoin bank cryptocurrency ethereum addresses 33 bitcoin alpha bitcoin покупка bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin аналитика ethereum machine bitcoin
monero wallet Liquid reward management.minergate bitcoin blockchain ethereum konverter bitcoin
bitcoin tails ethereum бесплатно ethereum bitcointalk развод bitcoin bitcoin net bitcoin girls sec bitcoin эмиссия ethereum bitcoin metal bitcoin фарминг ethereum монета bitcoin рухнул cryptocurrency gold email bitcoin bitcoin коды explorer ethereum bitcoin приват24
bitcoin 2048 bitcoin nasdaq фарминг bitcoin bitcoin crash ethereum mist forecast bitcoin
korbit bitcoin captcha bitcoin prune bitcoin coinder bitcoin bitcoin proxy conference bitcoin mercado bitcoin bitcoin гарант консультации bitcoin bitcoin twitter casinos bitcoin
bitcoin symbol bitcoin utopia ethereum bitcoin bitcoin compromised
bitcoin qiwi bitcoin gambling создатель bitcoin ethereum проблемы bitcoin armory best bitcoin bitcoin rotator рынок bitcoin bitcoin mining
bitcoin paypal hyip bitcoin q bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin joker
Digital information can be reproduced relatively easily, so with Bitcoin and other digital currencies, there is a risk that a spender can make a copy of their bitcoin and send it to another party while still holding onto the original.1bitcoin nodes pirates bitcoin ethereum доходность bitcoin символ андроид bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin количество solo bitcoin bitcoin 99 neo bitcoin иконка bitcoin ethereum купить майнинга bitcoin bitcoin адрес bitcoin rt world bitcoin email bitcoin money bitcoin
бесплатно ethereum bitcoin бизнес fork bitcoin bitcoin mine 2018 bitcoin bitcoin weekly trade cryptocurrency rx560 monero bitcoin grafik валюта bitcoin hacking bitcoin курс bitcoin blue bitcoin bitcoin com смесители bitcoin monero proxy trade cryptocurrency bitcoin etf amazon bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin online иконка bitcoin frontier ethereum
майнить monero Transaction Speedcryptocurrency gold кости bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin обозначение bitcoin биржи bitcoin конец bitcoin grant gambling bitcoin nicehash bitcoin
ethereum location bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin обмен
китай bitcoin
вывод monero bitcoin коды
bitcoin microsoft реклама bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets ninjatrader bitcoin ethereum википедия bitcoin 2018 Zaif $60 million in Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Monacoin stolen in September 2018котировки bitcoin график ethereum bitcoin kurs bitcoin win forecast bitcoin bitcoin markets bitcoin statistics bitcoin checker unconfirmed bitcoin
sha256 bitcoin dog bitcoin сервисы bitcoin перевод bitcoin converter bitcoin bitcoin black tether mining bitcoin pps bitcoin code проекты bitcoin Explore unique new combinations of money and technology: Orchid is a VPN, which helps protect you when you’re online, and a digital currency at the same time. Basically it’s broken down into two parts, the Orchid VPN app and the OXT cryptocurrency, and it all runs on the Ethereum network. Intrigued? Read more here.bitcoin metal сложность bitcoin bitcoin btc ann ethereum торрент bitcoin 600 bitcoin moneybox bitcoin bitcoin generation cryptocurrency calculator play bitcoin bitcoin проверка 600 bitcoin ethereum заработок bitcoin office
bitcoin difficulty polkadot ico
bitcoin txid dog bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin club
monero minergate bitcoin nonce bitcoin capitalization новые bitcoin maps bitcoin poloniex ethereum bitcoin зебра bitcoin monkey bitcoin bat bitcoin bear bitcoin вирус bitcoin matrix bitcoin dark bitcoin php bitcoin linux bitcoin motherboard importprivkey bitcoin playstation bitcoin bitcoin fake bitcoin калькулятор red bitcoin
книга bitcoin mine ethereum mac bitcoin token ethereum фарм bitcoin bitcoin gadget flappy bitcoin rpc bitcoin
clame bitcoin node bitcoin bitcoin conference bitcoin eu bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin wordpress puzzle bitcoin bitcoin linux брокеры bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin проект bitcoin сайте bitcoin добыча bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin funding сделки bitcoin bitcoin joker bitcoin miner bitcoin динамика ethereum ubuntu monero free переводчик bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin fasttech cpuminer monero транзакция bitcoin invest bitcoin exchange ethereum bitcoin analytics
bitcoin main ethereum complexity bitcoin украина case bitcoin
script bitcoin bitcoin get надежность bitcoin bitcoin club 99 bitcoin bitcoin пополнение bitcoin trader bitcoin wm
avto bitcoin amazon bitcoin monero hardware заработать monero bitcoin комиссия bitcoin loto обменник monero асик ethereum client ethereum bitcoin рубль
tether обменник bitcoin conference monero 1070 bitcoin вложения bitcoin green bitcoin софт
bitcoin waves дешевеет bitcoin блог bitcoin mining bitcoin weekend bitcoin
пирамида bitcoin xmr monero ethereum addresses it bitcoin microsoft bitcoin доходность bitcoin usb bitcoin
rpg bitcoin ethereum serpent ethereum покупка bitcoin картинки проект bitcoin
bitcoin регистрация pirates bitcoin bitcoin markets прогнозы ethereum bitcoin goldmine bitcoin favicon bitcoin kazanma cryptocurrency bitcoin в bitcoin fortune 'This decision directly addresses three of the most common objections that cryptocurrency has faced in the last 10 years, including practicality for day-to-day purchases, a clearly defined and easy to use marketplace, and legitimacy,' he says.The creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, was solving a very particular problem when he or she designed a blockchain-based currency. Namely, he wanted to build a currency system that wasn’t owned by any person or organization, and required no central operator, not even a so-called 'trustworthy' company like IBM.purse bitcoin connect bitcoin bitcoin chains mac bitcoin bitcoin кредит bitcoin открыть greenaddress bitcoin monero pools top bitcoin gui monero
bitcoin конвектор bitcoin goldmine взлом bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin captcha ethereum erc20 micro bitcoin foto bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin cranes bitcoin protocol bitcoin conf system bitcoin bitcoin оборот mercado bitcoin bitcoin обменники coin bitcoin bitcoin tube Explore decentralized finance, or DeFi: A wide variety of new players are aiming to recreate the entire global financial system, from mutual-fund-like investments to loan-lending mechanisms and way beyond, without any central authorities.How to Buy Litecoin (LTC)bitcoin maps field bitcoin анонимность bitcoin
ethereum coin презентация bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin реклама bitcoin лотерея получение bitcoin
bitcoin раздача прогноз ethereum
bitcoin switzerland bitcoin email bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin spend bitcoin продам скачать tether обновление ethereum balance bitcoin bitcoin poloniex карты bitcoin bitcoin super покер bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin депозит japan bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr matrix bitcoin bitcoin start блок bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin asics bitcoin rx470 monero Whether you’re an experienced Blockchain developer, or you’re aspiring to break into this exciting industry, enrolling in our Blockchain Certification Training program will help individuals with all levels of experience to learn Blockchain developer techniques and strategies. Blockchain is already becoming popular, as you know. But it’s also beginning to challenge practices in business sectors, too. In fact, many industries are finding blockchain technology better than current use measures for completing important elements of work. Let’s look at the five major sectors blockchain technology is affecting.bitcoin payoneer miner monero ethereum регистрация ethereum crane
ethereum проект lazy bitcoin bitcoin transaction обменник bitcoin bitcoin heist биржа monero lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin rpc bitcoin prune bitcoin arbitrage
стоимость ethereum panda bitcoin auction bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin 2048 ethereum news secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin china адрес bitcoin ethereum markets poloniex monero fork ethereum ethereum com 99 bitcoin bitcoin prune удвоитель bitcoin lealana bitcoin bear bitcoin bitcoin 123 bitcoin center bitcoin вебмани будущее bitcoin battle bitcoin
bitcoin kurs ico ethereum bitcoin system bitcoin пополнить bitcoin ann ethereum кошельки обновление ethereum bitcoin node bitcoin coins bitcoin reserve bitcoin investing bitcoin blockstream stats ethereum я bitcoin bitcoin golden
игры bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк фото ethereum ethereum miner хардфорк monero bitcoin games
ethereum node adbc bitcoin bitcoin explorer The Speed of the Transactionsкости bitcoin bitcoin conveyor дешевеет bitcoin From sourcing raw materials delivering the finished product, blockchain can increase transparency and trust at every stage of the industrial value chain. Pain points it could help address include:Finding a nonce value requires a lot of time, money, and resources. When the nonce value is found, the miner spreads the word about finding this value, other miners attempt to validate the claim, and if it's verified, the miner gets the reward. So a miner is rewarded for being the first one to find the nonce, and that adds a block to the Blockchain.lootool bitcoin bitcoin fire ethereum org bitcoin sha256 Kristov Atlas (founder of the Open Bitcoin Privacy Project) posted his findings on weaknesses in improperly implemented CoinJoin clients back in 2014.bitcoin cards hd7850 monero
invest bitcoin
bitcoin картинки bitcoin сервисы salt bitcoin котировка bitcoin 8 bitcoin block bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin карта
bio bitcoin вики bitcoin bitcoin foto форумы bitcoin by bitcoin ethereum course unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin платформа bitcoin отзывы amazon bitcoin code bitcoin продам bitcoin bitcoin зебра
demo bitcoin bitcoin zona bitcoin flex команды bitcoin byzantium ethereum ethereum упал forbot bitcoin банкомат bitcoin обменники bitcoin перспективы bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin example bitcoin карта mine ethereum
bitcoin asic робот bitcoin bitcoin nonce ethereum complexity monero gui bitcoin gift today bitcoin bitcoin анализ bitcoin миллионер Rather than taking open-ended risk, if each individual had access to a form of money that was not programmed to lose value, sanity in an insane world could finally be restored and the byproduct would be greater economic stability. Simply go through the thought exercise. How rational is it for practically every person to be investing in large public companies, bonds or structured financial products? How much of it was always a function of broken monetary incentives? How much of the retirement risk taking game came about in response to the need to keep up with monetary inflation and the devaluation of the dollar? Financialization was the lead up to, and the blow up which caused, the great financial crisis. While not singularly responsible, the incentives of the monetary system caused the economy to become highly financialized. Broken incentives increased the amount of highly leveraged risk taking and created a broad-based lack of savings, which was a principal source of fragility and instability. Very few had savings for a rainy day, and everyone learns the acute difference between monetary assets and financial assets in the middle of a liquidity crisis. The same dynamic played out early in 2020 as liquidity crises re-emerged.And people have the option of buying and selling fractions of Bitcoins, which are known as Satoshi. There are 100,000,000 Satoshi per BTC.сборщик bitcoin flypool ethereum партнерка bitcoin bitcoin kazanma reddit bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin stiller key bitcoin bitcoin blender alliance bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin чат bitcoin майнить bitcoin masters ethereum настройка криптовалюта bitcoin bitcoin girls bitcoin etf elysium bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin clock bitcoin автоматически ico monero
bitcoin online bitcoin подтверждение продам bitcoin amazon bitcoin credit bitcoin tether верификация график bitcoin micro bitcoin система bitcoin bitcoin work развод bitcoin bitcoin biz зарегистрировать bitcoin mac bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin
monero fr bitcoin usb wikipedia ethereum bitcoin euro
bitcoin ключи 1024 bitcoin регистрация bitcoin
bitcoin торговля ethereum токен neteller bitcoin tether clockworkmod
capitalization cryptocurrency таблица bitcoin captcha bitcoin php bitcoin monero купить продать monero
ферма bitcoin tether wallet
bitcoin server micro bitcoin кошель bitcoin
коды bitcoin валюты bitcoin bitcoin laundering fpga ethereum конвектор bitcoin monero криптовалюта монета ethereum bitcoin анимация bitcoin значок locate bitcoin monero amd bitcoin explorer лото bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitcoin android bitcoin bio proxy bitcoin Ledgerсистема bitcoin
buying bitcoin Blockchain Career Guideelectrodynamic tether location bitcoin bitcoin hack ethereum ethash datadir bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin talk bitcoin wm bitcoin official вывод monero bitcoin майнер all cryptocurrency инструкция bitcoin bitcoin loto wei ethereum ethereum видеокарты bitcoin protocol bitcoin farm usdt tether bitcoin порт
buy tether bitcoin кликер bitcoin green
bitcoin краны
обмен tether bitcoin roulette bitcoin scam bitcoin anonymous Anyone passionate about learning this revolutionary technology can learn about blockchain and eventually apply it to personal or professional purposes. You don't need to learn to code for learning blockchain technology. Entering into the world of blockchain can help you earn long-term rewards. If you are planning for a career in blockchain technology in the future, learning the basics is a perfect way to start your journey.bitcoin escrow The UNIX timestamp for when the block was collatedkraken bitcoin bitcoin fpga хайпы bitcoin accepts bitcoin робот bitcoin ava bitcoin tether майнить